Isidingo samanzi ahlanzekile ekhulwini le-19 eBrithani saholela ohlotsheni olusha nolumangalisayo lwefenisha yasemgwaqweni.U-Kathryn Ferry uhlola umthombo wokuphuza. Siphila enkathini yesitimela, yocingo lukagesi, neyomshini wokunyathelisa umusi…'Ijenali yobucikongo-April 1860, nokho 'ngisho namanje asikathuthuki ngalé kwemizamo enjalo yokuhlola engagcina isiholele ekunikezeni amanzi ahlanzekile… ukuze sihlangabezane nezidingo zabantu bethu abaminyene.'Abasebenzi base-Victorian baphoqeleka ukuba basebenzise imali kubhiya kanye ne-gin ngoba, kuzo zonke izinzuzo zokusungulwa kwezimboni, amanzi ahlala eguquguquka futhi engcoliswe kakhulu.Abakhankasela ukuzithiba bathi ukuthembela otshwaleni yikona okuyikona okuwumnyombo wezinkinga zomphakathi, okuhlanganisa ubumpofu, ubugebengu kanye nokuswela. Imithombo yokuphuza yamahhala yomphakathi yanconywa njengengxenye ebalulekile yesixazululo.Ngempela, iIjenali yobucikoibike ukuthi abantu abanqamula iLondon nezindawo ezingaphansi kwedolobha, 'abakwazi ukugwema ukuqaphela imithombo eminingi egcwele yonke indawo, cishe njengoba kubonakala, ngomlingo, iba khona'.Lezi zihloko ezintsha zefenisha yasemgwaqweni zakhiwe umusa wabaxhasi abaningi ngabanye, ababefuna ukuthuthukisa ukuziphatha komphakathi ngomklamo womthombo, kanye nomsebenzi wawo.Izitayela eziningi, izimpawu zokuhlobisa, izinhlelo ezibaziwe kanye nezinto zokwakha zahlelwa maqondana nale nhloso, kwashiya ifa elihlukahlukene ngokumangalisayo.Imithombo yokuqala ye-philanthropic yayiyizakhiwo ezilula uma kuqhathaniswa.Umthengisi wase-Unitarian uCharles Pierre Melly wavula lo mbono edolobheni lakubo iLiverpool, ngemva kokubona izinzuzo zamanzi okuphuza ahlanzekile atholakala mahhala lapho evakashele eGeneva, eSwitzerland, ngo-1852. Wavula umthombo wakhe wokuqala ePrince's Dock ngo-March 1854, ekhetha aphucuziwe. igwadule elibomvu i-Aberdeen ngenxa yokuqina kwayo kanye nokuhlinzeka ngokugeleza kwamanzi okuqhubekayo ukuze kugwenywe ukuphuka noma ukungasebenzi kahle kompompi. Ubekwe odongeni lwedokodo, lo mthombo wawunesitsha esiphumela ngaphandle esinezinkomishi zokuphuza ezixhunywe ngamaketanga nhlangothi zombili, wonke ubekwe phezu komugqa. (Umdwebo 1).Eminyakeni emine eyalandela, uMelly waxhasa ngezimali eminye imithombo engama-30, ehola inhlangano eyasabalala ngokushesha kwamanye amadolobha, okuhlanganisa iLeeds, iHull, iPreston neDerby.ILondon isalele ngemuva.Naphezu kocwaningo olubalulekile lukaDkt John Snow olwalandela ukuqubuka kwekholera e-Soho emuva emanzini asuka empompini ye-Broad Street kanye nezimo zenhlanzeko eziyihlazo ezashintsha i-Thames yaba umfula ongcolile, okwenza i-The Great Stink of1858, izinkampani zamanzi eziyisishiyagalolunye zaseLondon zahlala zingashintshi.USamuel Gurney weLungu lePhalamende, umshana womkhankasi wezenhlalakahle u-Elizabeth Fry, uthathe imbangela, kanye nommeli u-Edward Wakefield.Ngo-Ephreli 12, 1859, basungula iMetropolitan Free Drinking Fountain Association futhi, emasontweni amabili kamuva, bavula umthombo wabo wokuqala odongeni lwegceke lesonto laseSt Sepulcher, eDolobheni laseLondon.Amanzi ayegeleza esuka egobolondweni lemabula elimhlophe aye endishini ebekwe ngaphakathi kwekhothamo elincane legwadle.Lesi sakhiwo sisekhona nanamuhla, ngaphandle kochungechunge lwaso lwangaphandle lwamakhothamo e-Romanesque.Ngokushesha lase lisetshenziswa abantu abangaphezu kuka-7 000 nsuku zonke. Le mithombo yaphaphatheka uma iqhathaniswa nezibonelo ezinhle kunazo zonke eyaba khona.Nokho, njengobaIzindaba Zokwakhango-1866 kuye kwaba uhlobo lokukhononda ngokumelene nabagqugquzeli balo mnyakazo ukuthi baye bamisa imithombo embi kakhulu okungenzeka iklanywe, futhi ngokuqinisekile ezinye zezinto ezicatshangelwayo ezibonakala ziwubuhle obuncane njengalezi ezingabizi kakhulu. 'Lokhu bekuyinkinga uma bezoqhudelana nalokhoIjenali yobucikoebizwa 'ngemihlobiso emihle necwebezelayo' lapho 'ngisho nezindlu zomphakathi eziyingozi zigcwele'.Imizamo yokwakha isilulumagama sobuciko ebesikhuluma ngamatimu angamanzi futhi safinyelela inothi elifanele lokulunga kokuziphatha iye yaxutshwa ngokuphelele.Izindaba Zokwakhawangabaza noma ubani owayengafisa 'iminduze egelezayo, amabhubesi ahlanzayo, amagobolondo alilayo, uMose oshaya idwala, amakhanda angathandeki nezitsha ezibukeka kabi.Konke lokhu kuguquguquka akunangqondo futhi akulona iqiniso, futhi kufanele kudikibale.'Inhlangano esiza abantulayo kaGurney ikhiqize incwadi yephethini, kodwa abanikeli bavame ukukhetha ukuqoka umakhi wabo.I-behemoth yemithombo yokuphuza, eyakhiwe e-Hackney's Victoria Park ngu-Angela Burdett-Coutts, ibiza cishe u-£6,000, isamba ebesingakhokhela cishe amamodeli ajwayelekile angama-200.Umakhi oyintandokazi ka-Burdett-Coutts, u-Henry Darbishire, udale indawo eyingqopha-mlando ephakama ibe ngaphezu kuka-58ft. Osomlando bazamile ukulebula isakhiwo, esaqedwa ngo-1862, ngokufingqa izingxenye zaso zesitayela njengeVenetian/Moorish/Gothic/Renaissance, kodwa akukho okuchaza i-eclecticism yaso. kangcono kune-epithet 'Victorian'.Yize imangalisa ngokweqisa kwezakhiwo eyakuthola kubahlali base-East End, iphinde ime njengesikhumbuzo sokuthandwa ngabaxhasi bayo.Omunye umthombo omuhle waseLondon yiBuxton Memorial (Umfanekiso 8), manje eseVictoria Tower Gardens.Uthunywe uCharles Buxton weLungu lePhalamende ukuthi agubhe ingxenye kayise kuMthetho Wokuqedwa Kwezigqila wango-1833, waklanywa nguSamuel Sanders Teulon ngo-1865. Ukuze agweme ukubukeka okungekuhle kophahla lomthofu noma ukucaba kwesileyithi, uTeulon waphendukela ku-Skidmore Art Manufacture futhi. I-Constructive Iron Co, indlela yayo entsha esebenzise izingcwecwe zensimbi ezinamaphethini aphakanyisiwe ukunikeza ithunzi noqweqwe lwawo lwe-asidi ukuze lunikeze umbala.Umphumela ufana nokubona ikhasi lenhlanganisela ka-Owen Jones ka-1856.Uhlelo Lolimi Lomhlobisoezungeza i-spire.Izitsha ezine zegwadle zomthombo ngokwawo zihlala ngaphakathi kwesonto lombhishobhi elincane lesikhala, ngaphansi kwensika ewugqinsi emaphakathi ethola ukuvela kweringi elingaphandle lamashafu ayisishiyagalombili amakholomu ahlangene.Isigaba esimaphakathi sebhilidi, esiphakathi kwe-arcade kanye nenqaba, sigcwele umhlobiso we-mosaic kanye nemifanekiso eqoshiwe yamatshe e-Gothic evela endaweni yokusebenzela ka-Thomas Earp.Ukuhlukahluka kweGothic kwabonakala kudumile, njengoba isitayela sasisemfashini futhi sihlotshaniswa nomusa wobuKristu.Ngokuthatha indima yendawo entsha yomhlangano womphakathi, eminye imithombo yayifana neziphambano zemakethe zangenkathi ephakathi ezinemibhoshongo ecwebezelayo futhi egobile, njengaseNailsworth eGloucester-shire (1862), eGreat Torrington eDevon (1870) (Umdwebo 7) kanye noHenley-on-Thames e-Oxfordshire (1885).Kwenye indawo, kwavezwa iGothic enemisipha eyengeziwe, ibonakala emithende edonsa amehlovoussoirskomthombo kaWilliam Dyce weStreatham Green eLondon (1862) kanye nomthombo ka-Alderman Proctor oseClifton Down eBristol nguGeorge noHenry Godwin (1872).E-Shrigley e-Co Down, umthombo wesikhumbuzo sika-Martin wango-1871 (Umdwebo 5) yaklanywa umdwebi wamapulani osemncane waseBelfast u-Timothy Hevey, owenza inguquko ekhaliphile ukusuka ku-octagonal arcade ukuya kumbhoshongo wewashi lesikwele onezinqe ezindizayo ezinenyama.Njengoba kwenza imithombo eminingi yokufuna isikhundla kulesi sisho, lesi sakhiwo sasihlanganisa izithombe eziqoshiwe eziyinkimbinkimbi, manje ezonakele, ezimelela izimfanelo ezinhle zobuKristu.Umthombo weGothic oyi-hexagonal e-Bolton Abbey (Umdwebo 4), eyakhuliswa kukhunjulwa iNkosi uFrederick Cavendish ngo-1886, kwakuwumsebenzi wabadwebi bezakhiwo baseManchester u-T. Worthington no-JG Elgood.Ngokusho kweILeeds Mercury, 'inendawo evelele phakathi kwemvelo, engagcini nje ngokugcina elinye lamagugu agqama kakhulu emqhele wase-Yorkshire, kodwa ithandeka kubo bonke ngenxa yobudlelwane bayo nohulumeni okuhloswe ukuthi igama layo likhumbuleke'.I-Fountain-Gothic ifakazelwe. ngokwayo isisekelo esivumelana nezimo sezikhumbuzo zomphakathi, nakuba kwakuvamile ukuba izibonelo ezingahlotshisiwe kangako zibhekisele ngisho nangokwengeziwe ezikhumbuzo zemingcwabo.Izitayela zokuvuselela, okuhlanganisa iClassical, Tudor, Italianate neNorman, nazo zembiwa ukuze zikhuthazeke.Ukweqisa kwezakhiwo kungabonwa ngokuqhathanisa umthombo kaPhilip Webb eShoreditch e-East London nomthombo kaJames Forsyth eDudley eWest Midlands.Owokuqala awujwayelekile ukuthi uklanywe njengengxenye ebalulekile yephrojekthi enkulu yokwakha;lesi sakamuva cishe sasiyisibonelo esihle kakhulu ngaphandle kwaseLondon.Idizayini kaWebb yango-1861–63 yayiyingxenye yendawo yokuhlala yezingcweti ku-Worship Street, iphrojekthi eyayiheha izimiso zakhe zezenhlalakahle.Njengoba kungase kulindelekile kuvulandlela we-Arts-and-Crafts Movement, umthombo weWebb wawuyifomu elipendelwe phansi elisekelwe enhlokodolobha ebunjwe kahle ngaphezu kwekholomu ye-polygonal.Kwakungekho mhlobiso ongadingekile.Ngokuphambene, umthombo we-27ft-high owagunyazwa u-Earl of Dudley ngo-1867 wawuhlotshiswe ngezinga elibi kakhulu, elisekelwe endaweni evulekile.Umqophi wezithombe uJames Forsyth wengeza izilinganiso eziyindilinga nhlangothi zombili ezinamahlengethwa abukeka ethukuthele ekhafulela amanzi emigqonyeni yezinkomo.Ngaphezu kwalokhu, amahhafu angaphambili amahhashi amabili abonakala ekhahlela ngaphandle kwesakhiwo kude nophahla lwephiramidi oluneqembu elingokomfanekiso elimele Imboni.Lo mfanekiso wawuhlanganisa izithombe zezithelo nezithombe zamatshe ayisihluthulelo zikankulunkulu womfula nenyoni yamanzi.Izithombe zomlando zikhombisa ukuthi lobu bukhazikhazi be-Baroque kwake balinganiswa ngezibani ezine ezijwayelekile zensimbi, ezingagcini nje ngokufaka uhlaka lomthombo, kodwa zazikhanyisela ukuphuza ebusuku.Njengezinto ezimangalisayo zenkathi, insimbi yokusansimbi yayiyindlela eyinhloko yokuphuza amatshe. imithombo (Umdwebo 6).Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1860, iWills Brothers yase-Euston Road, eLondon ibambisene neCoalbrookdale Iron Works eShropshire ukuze bathole idumela lokulingisa ngobuciko bevangeli.Imithombo yaseMural esaphila eCardiff naseMerthyr Tydfil (Umdwebo 2) iveza uJesu ekhomba umyalo othi 'Yilowo nalowo ophuza amanzi engiyakumnika wona kasoze oma'.I-Coalbrookedale nayo yakha imiklamo yayo, efana nomthombo wokuphuza ohlangene kanye nomkhombe wezinkomo owakhiwa e-Somerton e-Somerset, ukuze kuphawulwe ukugcotshwa kuka-Edward VII ngo-1902.Umdwebo 3) ezindaweni eziqhelelene njenge-Aberdeenshire kanye ne-Isle of Wight.Idizayini yelungelo lobunikazi, efike ngosayizi abahlukahlukene, yayihlanganisa indishi emaphakathi ngaphansi kompheme wensimbi onembobo enamakhothamo acijile abekwe phezu kwamakholomu ezacile ensimbi.IIjenali yobucikoibheke umphumela ophelele njengokuthi 'kungcono i-Alhambresque' futhi ngaleyo ndlela ifanelekele ukusebenza kwayo, isitayela 'sihlotshaniswa njalo engqondweni ne-sultry East eyomile, lapho amanzi agelezayo efunwa kakhulu kunewayini lerubi'.Eminye imiklamo yensimbi yayiphuma ngaphezulu.Ngo-1877, u-Andrew Handyside kanye no-Co waseDerby bahlinzeka ngomthombo osuselwa ku-Choragic Monument of Lysicrates e-Athene esontweni laseLondon iSt Pancras.I-Strand isivele inomthombo obukeka ngendlela efanayo, owaklanywa uWills Bros futhi wanikezwa nguRobert Hanbury, owathuthelwa eWimbledon ngo-1904.