Isithombe: I-Courtesy Naturhistorisches Museum

I-ur sculpture yomlando wobuciko, lo mfanekiso omncane onesilinganiso esingaphezudlwana kwamasentimitha amane ubude watholwa e-Austria ngo-1908. Akekho owaziyo ukuthi wawusebenza muphi umsebenzi, kodwa ukuqagela kuye kwasukela kunkulunkulukazi wenzalo kuya kosizo lokushaya indlwabu. Ezinye izazi zisikisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kwakuyisithombe somuntu wesifazane. Kuyinto edume kunazo zonke izinto ezinjalo kusukela Old Stone Age.

Isithombe: Courtesy CC/Wiki Media/Philip Pikart

Lesi sithombe besiwuphawu lobuhle besifazane kusukela savubukulwa okokuqala ngo-1912 emanxiweni ase-Amarna, inhloko-dolobha eyakhiwa uFaro owayeyimpikiswano enkulu emlandweni wasendulo waseGibhithe: i-Akhenaten. Ukuphila kwendlovukazi yakhe, uNefertiti, kuyinto engaqondakali: Kucatshangwa ukuthi wabusa njengoFaro isikhathi esithile ngemva kokushona kuka-Akhenaten—noma okungenzeka ukuthi, njengomphathi wenkosi yoMfana uTutankhamun. Isazi se-Egyptologist sikholelwa ukuthi empeleni wayengumama kaTut. Lesi sigqoko se-limestone esiboshwe nge-stucco kucatshangwa ukuthi siwumsebenzi wezandla zika-Thutmose, umqophi wezithombe zasenkantolo ka-Akhenaten.

Isithombe: Ngosizo lwe-CC/Wikimedia Commons/Maros M raz

Yatholwa ngo-1974, i-Terracotta Army iyinqolobane enkulu yezithombe zobumba ezingcwatshwe emigodini emithathu emikhulu eduze kwethuna likaShi Huang, uMbusi wokuqala waseChina, owashona ngo-210 BC. Ihloselwe ukumvikela ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa, iButho kukholakala ukuthi linamasosha angaphezu kuka-8,000 kanye namahhashi angu-670 nezinqola ezingu-130. Ngayinye inosayizi wempilo, nakuba ubude bangempela buhluka kuye ngokwezinga lezempi.

Isithombe: Courtesy CC/Wiki Media/LivioAndronico

Mhlawumbe umfanekiso oqoshiwe odume kakhulu wasendulo wamaRoma,Laocoön namadodana akheyavubukulwa ekuqaleni eRoma ngo-1506 futhi yathuthelwa eVatican, lapho ehlala khona kuze kube namuhla. Isekelwe enganekwaneni yompristi weThrojani owabulawa kanye namadodana akhe izinyoka zasolwandle ezithunyelwe unkulunkulu wasolwandle uPoseidon njengembuyiselo yomzamo kaLaocoön wokuveza ubuqili beHhashi Le Trojan. Njengoba ifakwe ekuqaleni esigodlweni sika-Emperor Titus, leli qembu elingokomfanekiso elilingana nempilo, elishiwo ngabaqophi bezithombe abangamaGreki abathathu abavela eSiqhingini SaseRhodes, alinakuqhathaniswa njengocwaningo lokuhlupheka kwabantu.

Isithombe: Courtesy CC/Wikimedia/Livioandronico2013

Omunye wemisebenzi evelele kakhulu kuwo wonke umlando wobuciko, uDavid kaMichelangelo waba nemvelaphi kuphrojekthi enkulu yokuhlobisa ama-buttresses esonto elikhulu laseFlorence, iDuomo, neqembu lezibalo ezithathwe eTestamenteni Elidala. IUDavideyayiyinye, futhi empeleni yaqalwa ngo-1464 ngu-Agostino di Duccio. Phakathi neminyaka emibili eyalandela, u-Agostino wakwazi ukukhipha ingxenye yebhulokhi elikhulu lemabula eliqoshwe endaweni edumile yase-Carrara ngaphambi kokuma ngo-1466. (Akekho owaziyo ukuthi kungani.) Omunye umculi wathatha i-slack, kodwa naye, kuphela. wasebenza kuwo kafushane. Imabula yahlala ingakaze ithintwe iminyaka engu-25 eyalandela, kwaze kwaba yilapho uMichelangelo eqala kabusha ukuyiqopha ngo-1501. Wayeneminyaka engu-26 ngaleso sikhathi. Lapho eseqedile, uDavide wayenesisindo esingamathani ayisithupha, okusho ukuthi yayingenakukhushulelwa ophahleni lwesonto lombhishobhi. Kunalokho, yabukiswa ngaphandle nje emnyango wePalazzo Vecchio, ihholo ledolobha laseFlorence. Lesi sibalo, esingenye yezinto ezicwebezelayo zesitayela se-High Renaissance, samukelwa ngokushesha ngumphakathi wase-Florentine njengophawu lokumelana kwedolobha nombuso ngokumelene namandla ahambisana naso. Ngo-1873, i-UDavideyathuthelwa e-Accademia Gallery, futhi isifaniso safakwa endaweni esasikuyo.

Isithombe: Courtesy CC/Wiki Media/Alvesgaspar

Wamukelwa njengomsunguli wesitayela se-High Roman Baroque, u-Gian Lorenzo Bernini udale lo msebenzi wobuciko wesonto lase-Santa Maria della Vittoria. I-Baroque yayihlotshaniswa ngokungenakuhlukaniswa ne-Counter-Reformation iSonto LamaKatolika elazama ngayo ukunqanda igagasi lobuProthestani elalidlange eYurophu ngekhulu le-17. Imisebenzi yobuciko efana neka-Bernini yayiyingxenye yohlelo lokuqinisekisa kabusha imfundiso kaPapa, enikezwa kahle lapha uhlakaniphi luka-Bernini ngokufaka izigcawu zezenkolo ngezindaba ezimangalisayo.I-Ecstasyiyisibonelo: Isihloko saso—uSaint Teresa ka-Ávila, indela yaseCarmelite yaseSpain futhi eyimfihlakalo eyabhala ngokuhlangana kwayo nengelosi—iboniswa lapho nje ingelosi isizophonsa umcibisholo enhliziyweni yakhe.I-Ecstasyamathoni avusa inkanuko awaphikiseki, ngokusobala kakhulu ekukhulumeni kwe-nun's orgasmic kanye nendwangu egoqayo egoqa zombili izibalo. Umakhi wezakhiwo njengabo bonke njengengcweti, uBernini uphinde waklama ukumiswa kweChapel ngemabula, istucco nopende.

Isithombe: Ngenhlonipho The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Fletcher Fund

Umdwebi wase-Italy u-Antonio Canova (1757-1822) uthathwa njengomqophi omkhulu wekhulu le-18. Umsebenzi wakhe ufanekisela isitayela se-Neo-Classical, njengoba ungabona enguqulweni yakhe yemabula yeqhawe lenganekwane lamaGreki uPerseus. I-Canova empeleni yenza izinguqulo ezimbili zesiqephu: Enye ihlala e-Vatican e-Rome, kanti enye ime e-Metropolitan Museum of Art's European Sculpture Court.

Isithombe: I-Metropolitan Museum Of Art

Nakuba umpetha we-Impressionist u-Edgar Degas aziwa kakhulu njengomdwebi, wabuye wasebenza ekuqopheni, ekhiqiza lokho okwakungumzamo omkhulu kakhulu womsebenzi wakhe. Degas imfashiniUmdansi Omncane Weminyaka Eyishumi Nanengaphandle kwengcina (okwaphonswa kulo amakhophi ethusi alandelayo ngemva kokufa kwakhe ngo-1917), kodwa iqiniso lokuthi uDegas wagqokisa isihloko sakhe esingaziwa imvunulo ye-ballet yangempela (egcwele i-bodice, tutu kanye nama-slippers) kanye newigi yezinwele zangempela kwabangela ukuzwakalisa lapho.Umdansiyaqala ukuvela e-Sixth Impressionist Exhibition ka-1881 eParis. U-Degas wakhetha ukumboza iningi lemihlobiso yakhe nge-wax ukuze afane nezinye izici zentombazane, kodwa wagcina i-tutu, kanye ne-ribbon ebopha izinwele zakhe, njengoba zazinjalo, okwenza isibalo sibe esinye sezibonelo zokuqala zento etholakele. ubuciko.Umdansikwakuwukuphela kwesithombe esaboniswa uDegas ekuphileni kwakhe; Ngemva kokushona kwakhe, ezinye izibonelo ezingu-156 zatholakala zicwile esitudiyo sakhe.

Isithombe: Ngosizo lwe-Philadelphia Museum of Art

Ngenkathi abantu abaningi behlobanisa umdwebi omkhulu waseFrance u-Auguste Rodin nayeUmcabango, leli qoqo lokukhumbula isigameko phakathi neMpi Yeminyaka Eyikhulu (1337–1453) phakathi kweBrithani neFrance libaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wezithombe eziqoshiwe. Ijutshwe ukuba kube nepaki edolobheni laseCalais (lapho ukuvinjezelwa kwamaNgisi okwathatha unyaka wonke ngo-1346 kwasuswa lapho abadala bedolobhana abayisithupha bezinikela ukuba babulawe ukuze kupheliswe abantu),AbakwaBurgherswagwema ifomethi evamile yamatshe esikhumbuzo ngaleso sikhathi: Esikhundleni sezibalo ezihlukanisiwe noma ezinqwabelene endaweni eyiphiramidi phezulu kwesisekelo eside, u-Rodin wahlanganisa izifundo zakhe ezinosayizi wempilo ngqo phansi, ezingeni nesibukeli. Lesi sinyathelo esikhulu esibheke ekubeni ngokoqobo sahlukana nempatho yobuqhawe evame ukunikezwa imisebenzi yangaphandle enjalo. NgeAbakwaBurghers, uRodin wathatha esinye sezinyathelo zokuqala ezibaziwe zesimanje.

Isithombe: Ngosizo luka-CC/Flickr/Wally Gobetz

Ngo-1912, u-Picasso wenza i-maquette yekhadibhodi yesiqephu esingaba nomthelela omkhulu kubuciko bekhulu lama-20. Futhi eqoqweni le-MoMA, ibonise isiginci, isihloko u-Picasso avame ukusihlola emdwebeni kanye nekholaji, futhi ngezindlela eziningi,Isiginciidlulise amasu okusika nokunamathisela amakholaji ukusuka kubukhulu obubili ukuya kokuthathu. Yenze okufanayo kuCubism, futhi, ngokuhlanganisa amajamo ayisicaba ukuze kwakheke ifomu elinezindawana eziningi ngokujula nevolumu. Ukuqamba okusha kuka-Picasso kwakuwukugwema ukuqoshwa okujwayelekile kanye nokumodela kwesifanekiso esivela kunqwaba eqinile. Kunalokho,Isiginciyayiboshelwe ndawonye njengesakhiwo. Lo mbono uzobuya usuka ku-Russian Constructivism wehle uye ku-Minimalism nangale kwalokho. Eminyakeni emibili ngemuva kokwenza i-Isiginciekhadini, u-Picasso udale le nguqulo ngethini elisikiwe

Isithombe: I-Metropolitan Museum Of Art

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo kuze kube sekugcineni kwayo enyameni yobufascist, i-Italian Futurism yashaqisa umhlaba wonke, kodwa awukho umsebenzi owodwa owabonisa isiphithiphithi salo mnyakazo ngaphezu kwalesi sithombe esiqoshiwe ngesinye sezibani zayo ezihamba phambili: u-Umberto Boccioni. Eqala njengomdwebi, u-Boccioni waphendukela ekusebenzeni ngezindlela ezintathu ngemuva kohambo luka-1913 oluya eParis lapho avakashela khona izitudiyo zabadwebi abambalwa be-avant-garde bangaleso sikhathi, abanjengoConstantin Brancusi, uRaymond Duchamp-Villon no-Alexander Archipenko. I-Boccioni ihlanganise imibono yabo kulo msebenzi wobuciko oshukumisayo, obonisa isibalo esinyakazayo esisethwe "ekuqhubekeni kokwenziwa" kokunyakaza njengoba u-Boccioni akuchaza. Ucezu lwaqala lwakhiwe ngokhonkolo futhi aluzange lufakwe enguqulweni yalo eyejwayelekile yethusi kwaze kwaba ngu-1931, ngemva kokushona kwalo mculi ngo-1916 njengelungu lebutho lezempi lase-Italy phakathi neMpi Yezwe I.

Isithombe: Ngosizo luka-CC/Flickr/Steve Guttman NYC

Uzalelwe eRomania, uBrancusi wayengomunye wabaqophi ababaluleke kakhulu besimanjemanje bekhulu lama-20—futhi ngempela, omunye wezibalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wonke wezithombe eziqoshiwe. Uhlobo lwe-proto-minimalist, u-Brancusi uthathe amafomu emvelweni futhi wawahlela abe izethulo ezingabonakali. Isitayela sakhe sathonywa ubuciko bendabuko bezwe lakubo, obuvame ukubonisa amaphethini ejometri agqamile kanye nemifanekiso eyenziwe ngesitayela. Akazange futhi enze mehluko phakathi kwento nesisekelo, ezithatha, kwezinye izimo, njengezingxenye ezishintshashintshayo—indlela eyayimelela ukuhlukana okubalulekile kwamasiko aqoshiwe. Lesi siqeshana esiyisakhiwo sodumo siwumfanekiso womfuziselo nesithandwa sakhe, uMargit Pogány, umfundi wezobuciko waseHungary ahlangana naye eParis ngo-1910. Ukuphindwaphindwa kokuqala kwakuqoshwe ngemabula, kwalandelwa ikhophi yokhonkolo okwakwenziwa ngayo leli thusi. I-plaster ngokwayo yabukiswa eNew York embukisweni odumile we-Armory Show ka-1913, lapho abagxeki bawuhleka usulu futhi bawusebenzisa. Kodwa futhi bekuyisiqephu esiphinde sakhiqizwa kakhulu embukisweni. U-Brancusi wasebenza ezinguqulweni ezihlukahlukene zeMlle Poganyiminyaka engaba ngu-20.

Isithombe: Ngenhlonipho The Museum of Modern Art

Isondo Lebhayisikiliibhekwa njengeyokuqala kokulungiswa koguquko kukaDuchamp. Kodwa-ke, lapho eqeda ucezu estudiyo sakhe saseParis, wayengazi ngempela ukuthi uzosibiza ngani. “Ngibe nombono ojabulisayo wokubophela isondo lebhayisikili esitulweni sasekhishini futhi ngilibuke liphenduka,” kusho u-Duchamp kamuva. Kwathatha uhambo lwango-1915 oluya eNew York, kanye nokuchayeka ekuphumeni okukhulu kwedolobha kwezimpahla ezakhiwe efekthri, ukuze uDuchamp aqhamuke nethemu eseyilungisiwe. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, waqala ukubona ukuthi ukwenza ubuciko ngendlela yendabuko, eyenziwe ngezandla kubonakala kungenangqondo eNkathini Yezimboni. Wathi kungani kufanele uzikhathaze, lapho izinto ezitholakala kabanzi zingawenza lo msebenzi. Ku-Duchamp, umqondo wokwenza umsebenzi wobuciko wawubaluleke kakhulu kunokuthi wenziwa kanjani. Lo mbono—mhlawumbe isibonelo sangempela sokuqala se-Conceptual Art—ungawuguqula ngokuphelele umlando wobuciko uye phambili. Njengento evamile yasendlini, nokho, eyokuqalaIsondo Lebhayisikiliayizange isinde: Le nguqulo empeleni iyikhophi yango-1951.

Isithombe: Whitney Museum of American Art, © 2019 Calder Foundation, New York/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York

Iqoqo elithandekayo leqoqo laphakade le-Whitney Museum,Isekisi yeCalderudiliza ingqikithi yokudlala eyatholwa ngu-Alexander Calder (1898-1976) njengomdwebi owasiza ekulolongeni isithombe se-20th-sculpture.Isekisi, eyadalwa ngesikhathi somculi e-Paris, yayingavamile kune-"mobiles" yakhe elengayo, kodwa ngendlela yayo, yayifana ne-kinetic: Yenziwe ngokuyinhloko ngocingo nokhuni,Isekisiisebenze njengesizinda semidlalo ethuthukisiwe, lapho uCalder enyakaza khona emidwebeni ehlukahlukene ekhombisa abaphikisana nenkemba, abagwinyi benkemba, amabhubesi amabhubesi, njll., njengomphathi wendandatho njengonkulunkulu.

Isithombe: Ngenhlonipho The J. Paul Getty Museum

Njengomdwebi nomklami we-tapestry kanye nomqophi, umdwebi ongumFulentshi u-Aristide Maillol (1861–1944) angachazwa kangcono njenge-Neo-Classicist yesimanje ebeka ukuqondisa, ukuzungeza kwekhulunyaka lama-20 esifanekisweni sendabuko samaGreki namaRoma. Angabuye achazwe njengomuntu oqinile, nakuba kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ngisho nabantu besikhathi se-avant-garde abafana no-Picasso bakhiqiza imisebenzi ngokujwayela isitayela se-Neo-Classical ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I. Isihloko sikaMaillol kwakungowesifazane onqunu, futhi ngoL'Air, udale umehluko phakathi kwenqwaba yezinto zendaba yakhe, nendlela ebonakala intanta ngayo emkhathini—ilinganisela, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, isimo somzimba esiguquguqukayo nokuba khona kwesikhashana.

Isithombe: Ngenhlonipho CC/Flickr/C-Monster

Umdwebi waseJapan osebenza ngezindlela eziningi, uKusama wafika eNew York ngo-1957 ebuyela eJapan ngo-1972. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, wazibonakalisa njengomuntu omkhulu endaweni yedolobha, ubuciko bakhe obuthinta izisekelo eziningi, kuhlanganise nePop Art, Minimalism. kanye Nobuciko Bokusebenza. Njengomculi wesifazane owayevame ukubhekisela kwezocansi besifazane, wayebuye abe ngumanduleli we-Feminist Art. Umsebenzi kaKusama uvame ukubonakala ngamaphethini e-hallucinogenic kanye nokuphindaphinda kwamafomu, ukunethezeka okusekelwe ezimweni ezithile zengqondo-ukubona izinto ezingekho, i-OCD-aye wahlupheka kusukela ebuntwaneni. Zonke lezi zici zobuciko nempilo kaKusuma zivezwa kulo msebenzi, lapho isihlalo esivamile, esinezimbobo esilula sithonywa ngokungesabekayo ukugqashuka okufana nesifo sohudo olwenziwa ngendwangu ethungiwe.

Isithombe: Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, © 2019 Estate of Marisol/ Albright-Knox Art Gallery/Artist Rights Society (ARS), New York

Waziwa nje ngegama lakhe lokuqala, uMarisol Escobar (1930-2016) wazalelwa eParis kubazali baseVenezuela. Njengomculi, wazihlanganisa ne-Pop Art futhi kamuva ne-Op Art, nakuba ayenesitayela, wayengelona iqembu. Esikhundleni salokho, wakha i-tableaux engokomfanekiso eyayihloselwe ukuhlekisa kwabesifazane ngezindima zobulili, osaziwayo kanye nengcebo. KuAbesifazane Nenjauthatha ukuphikiswa kwabesifazane, kanye nendlela izindinganiso ezibekwe ngamadoda zobulili ezisetshenziswayo ukuze zibaphoqelele ukuba bavumelane.

Isithombe: Ngosizo lwe-CC/Flickr/Rocor

I-Brillo Box mhlawumbe elaziwa kakhulu ochungechungeni lwemisebenzi eqoshiwe i-Warhol eyakhiwa maphakathi nawo-'60s, okwathatha ngempumelelo uphenyo lwakhe lwesiko le-pop lwaba izilinganiso ezintathu. Ngokuvumelana negama elithi Warhol alinikeze isitudiyo sakhe—i-Factory—umdwebi waqasha ababazi ukuthi basebenze uhlobo oluthile lomugqa wokuhlanganisa, bebethela ndawonye amabhokisi okhuni amise okwebhokisi lemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa uHeinz Ketchup, Kellogg’s Corn Flakes kanye neCampbell’s Soup, njengoba kahle Brillo insipho pads. Wabe esependa ibhokisi ngalinye umbala ofana nowangempela (omhlophe uma kwenzeka ku-Brillo) ngaphambi kokwengeza igama lomkhiqizo nelogo kusikrini sikasilika. Edalwe ngokuphindaphinda, amabhokisi ayevame ukukhonjiswa ngezitaki ezinkulu, aguqule ngempumelelo noma iyiphi igalari abekuyo abe yifeksi yamasiko aphezulu yendlu yokugcina izinto. Umumo wabo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-serial mhlawumbe kwakuwukuvuma ngekhanda-noma umdlalo we-Minimalist owawusafufusa ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa iphuzu langempelaBrillo Boxindlela ukusondela kwayo entweni yangempela okuchitha ngayo izivumelwano zobuciko, ngokusikisela ukuthi awukho umehluko wangempela phakathi kwezimpahla ezikhiqiziwe nomsebenzi ovela esitudiyo samaciko.

Isithombe: Ngosizo luka-CC/Flickr/Esther Westerveld

Igama lika-Donald Judd lifana ne-Minimal Art, inhlangano yaphakathi kweminyaka yama-'60s eyaqeda ubunzima besimanjemanje bokucabanga ngezinto ezibalulekile. KuJudd, ukubaza kwakusho ukuveza ubukhona bokhonkolo bomsebenzi emkhathini. Lo mbono wachazwa igama elithi, "into ethize," futhi ngenkathi abanye abaMinimalist bewamukela, uJudd ngokungangabazeki wanikeza lo mbono inkulumo emsulwa ngokuthatha ibhokisi njengefomu lakhe lesiginesha. NjengoWarhol, wawakhiqiza njengamayunithi aphindaphindayo, esebenzisa izinto nezindlela ezibolekwe ekwenziweni kwezimboni. Ngokungafani namathini esobho kaWarhol kanye noMarilyns, ubuciko bukaJudd abubhekiseli lutho ngaphandle kwalo. “Izitaki” zakhe ziphakathi kwezingcezu zakhe ezaziwa kakhulu. Ngalinye liqukethe iqembu lamabhokisi afanayo angashoni kahle enziwe ngeshidi lensimbi, agxumagxuma odongeni ukuze akhe ikholomu yezinto ezihlukaniswe ngokulinganayo. Kodwa uJudd, owaqala njengomdwebi, wayenesithakazelo sombala nokuthungwa njengoba ayesesimweni, njengoba kubonakala lapha nge-lacquer yomzimba enemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka efakwe ebusweni bangaphambili bebhokisi ngalinye. Ukuhlangana kukaJudd kombala nezinto ezibonakalayo kuyanikezaAkunasihloko (Isitaki)ubuhle obusheshayo obuthambisa i-absolutism yayo engabonakali.

Isithombe: Ngosizo lwe-CC/Flickr/Rocor

Njengo-Benglis, u-Hesse wayengumculi wesifazane owahlunga i-Postminimalism ngokusebenzisa i-prism yobufazi. UmJuda owabaleka eJalimane lobuNazi esemncane, wahlola amafomu ezinto eziphilayo, enza izingcezu ku-fiberglass yezimboni, i-latex nentambo evusa isikhumba noma inyama, izitho zangasese nezinye izingxenye zomzimba. Uma kubhekwa isizinda sakhe, kuyalinga ukuthola ukuhlukumezeka noma ukukhathazeka emisebenzini efana nalena.

Isithombe: Ngenhlonipho The Museum of Modern Art

Kulandela u-Judd no-Flavin, iqembu lamaciko lishiye imigqa ehlanzekile ye-Minimalism. Njengengxenye yalesi sizukulwane se-Postminimalist, u-Richard Serra wabeka umqondo wento ethile kuma-steroid, ekhulisa kakhulu isikali sawo nesisindo, futhi wenza imithetho yamandla adonsela phansi ihlanganiswe nomqondo. Wakha izenzo zokulinganisa eziyingozi zensimbi noma izingcwecwe zomthofu namapayipi anesisindo samathani, okube nomthelela wokudlulisela umuzwa wobungozi emsebenzini. (Ezikhathini ezimbili, ama-rigger afaka izingcezu ze-Serra abulawa noma akhubazeka lapho umsebenzi uwa ngephutha.) Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, umsebenzi kaSerra wamukele ukucolisiswa kwe-curvilinear okuwenze wathandwa kakhulu, kodwa ekuqaleni, usebenza njenge-One Ton Prop (Indlu). of Cards), equkethe amapuleti amane omthofu ancikene ndawonye, ​​akhuluma ngokukhathazeka kwakhe ngonya.

Isithombe: Courtesy CC/Wikimedia Commons/Soren.harward/Robert Smithson

Ukulandela inkambiso evamile yokungahambisani namasiko ngeminyaka yawo-1960 nawo-1970, amaciko aqala ukuvukela ukuhweba komhlaba wegalari, athuthukisa izinhlobo zobuciko ezintsha kakhulu ezifana ne-earthworks. Okwaziwa nangokuthi ubuciko bezwe, ohamba phambili kulolu hlobo kwakunguRobert Smithson (1938-1973), owathi, kanye nabaculi abanjengoMichael Heizer, uWalter De Maria noJames Turrel, bangena ezingwadule zaseNtshonalanga United States ukuze benze imisebenzi eyisikhumbuzo benza ngokuvumelana nendawo ezizungezile. Le ndlela eqondene nendawo ethile, njengoba yabizwa kanjalo, ngokuvamile yayisetshenziswa izinto ezithathwe ngokuqondile endaweni. Kunjalo ngeSmithson'sI-Spiral Jetty, engenela e-Utah's Great Salt Lake isuka e-Rozel Point ogwini lwaleli chibi olusenyakatho-mpumalanga. Yenziwe ngodaka, amakristalu kasawoti kanye ne-basalt ekhishwe endaweni,Izinyathelo ze-Spiral Jetty1,500 ngamamitha angu-15. Yacwiliswa ngaphansi kwechibi amashumi eminyaka kwaze kwaba yilapho isomiso sangasekuqaleni kwawo-2000 siyiletha phezulu futhi. Ngo-2017,I-Spiral Jettyyaqanjwa ngokuthi umsebenzi wobuciko osemthethweni wase-Utah.

Isithombe: Ngosizo lwe-CC/Wikimedia Commons/FLICKR/Pierre Metivier

Umsebenzi wokusayina womculi ozelwe eFrance,Isicabucabuyadalwa maphakathi nawo-1990 lapho u-Bourgeois (1911-2010) wayeseneminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili. Itholakala ezinguqulweni eziningi zezikali ezihlukene, kuhlanganisa nezinye eziyisikhumbuzo.Isicabucabukuhloswe njengenhlonipho kumama womdwebi, umbuyiseli we-tapestry (yingakho kubhekiselwa ekuthambekeni kwe-arachnid yokuphotha amawebhu).

I-Shutterstock

Owawine umklomelo ohlonishwayo we-Turner Prize ngo-1994, u-Antony Gormley ungomunye wabaqophi bezithombe abadume kakhulu e-UK, kodwa futhi waziwa emhlabeni wonke ngokuthatha kwakhe okuyingqayizivele kwezobuciko bomfanekiso, okusekelwe kuzo ukwehluka okubanzi kwesikali nesitayela, ingxenye enkulu, kusifanekiso esifanayo: Abalingisi bomzimba womdwebi. Kunjalo ngaleli tshe lesikhumbuzo elikhulu elinamaphiko eliseduze nedolobha laseGateshead enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNgilandi. Ihlezi eduze komgwaqo omkhulu,Ingelosiindiza ifike kumafidi angu-66 ukuphakama futhi ivule amafidi angu-177 ububanzi ukusuka phezulu kwephiko kuye kwelinye. Ngokusho kwe-Gormley, umsebenzi uhloselwe njengophawu olungokomfanekiso phakathi kwesikhathi esidlule sezimboni zaseBrithani (umfanekiso oqoshiwe utholakala ezweni lamalahle laseNgilandi, inhliziyo yeNguquko Yezimboni) kanye nekusasa layo langemva kwezimboni.

Ngenhlonipho CC/Flickr/Richard Howe

Ibizwa ngothando ngokuthi "Ubhontshisi" ngabaseChicago ngenxa yefomu layo eligobile le-ellipsoidal,Cloud Gate, Isizinda sobuciko bomphakathi sika-Anish Kapoor seMillennium Park yeDolobha Lesibili, yimisebenzi yobuciko nezakhiwo, ehlinzeka ngomgwaqo olungele u-Instagram wabahamba ngezinyawo ngeSonto nezinye izivakashi ezivakashela leli paki. Yenziwe ngensimbi eyenziwe isibuko,Cloud GateUkubonakala kwendlu ejabulisayo kanye nesilinganiso esikhulu kuyenza isiqephu se-Kapoor esaziwa kakhulu.

Ngenhlonipho yomculi noGreene Naftali, eNew York

Umsebenzi ka-Rachel Harrison uhlanganisa ukwenza izinto ngokusemthethweni kanye nekhono lokufaka izinto ezibonakala zingaqondakali ezinezincazelo eziningi, okuhlanganisa nezombusazwe. Ubuza ngamandla ubukhazikhazi kanye nelungelo lobudoda elihambisana nakho. U-Harrison udala inqwaba yezithombe zakhe eziqoshiwe ngokupakisha nokuhlela amabhlogo noma ama-slabs e-Styrofoam, ngaphambi kokuwamboza ngenhlanganisela kasimende futhi achume ngopende. I-cherry phezulu iwuhlobo oluthile lwento etholakele, kungaba yodwa noma ihlanganiswe nezinye. Isibonelo esiyinhloko yile mannequin ephezu kwefomu elide, elifafazwe ngopende. Egqoke ikepisi, kanye nesifihla-buso sika-Abraham Lincoln esibheke emuva, umsebenzi uthumela ithiyori yendoda edumile yomlando nokushoyo kwayo komnqobi Womhlaba Wasendulo emi mude phezu kwetshe elinombala ohlekisayo..