Hlola Imvelaphi Nokuthuthukiswa Kwezithombe Zethusi Kuwo Wonke Amasiko Ahlukene Nezikhathi Zesikhathi

Isingeniso

Isithombe se-bronze siwuhlobo lokuqopha olusebenzisa ithusi lensimbi njengento yalo eyinhloko. Ithusi ingxubevange yethusi nethini, futhi yaziwa ngamandla ayo, ukuqina, kanye nokusebenziseka kalula. Lezi zakhiwo ziyenza ibe yimpahla efanelekile yokuqopha, njengoba ingajikijelwa emimoyeni eyinkimbinkimbi bese iqedwa ngemininingwane ephezulu.

Umlando wokuqoshwa kwethusi uhlehlela emuva kuNkathi Yethusi, eyaqala cishe ngo-3300 BC. Izithombe eziqoshiwe zokuqala zethusi ezaziwayo zenziwa eShayina futhi zasetshenziselwa izinjongo zokuhlobisa nokuhlobisa. Isithombe esiqoshiwe sethusi ngokushesha sasakazekela kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, kuhlanganise neGibhithe, iGrisi neRoma

(Ihhashi Lethusi Eliqinile lase-Olympia Greece: Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-5 BC)

Emhlabeni we-Classical, izithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi zaziswa kakhulu ngobuhle bawo kanye nobuhle bezobuchwepheshe. Izithombe eziningi ezidume kakhulu zale nkathi, ezifana ne-Winged Victory yaseSamothrace kanye ne-Discobolus, zenziwe ngethusi.

Isithombe se-bronze saqhubeka sithandwa ngeNkathi Ephakathi kanye Ne-Renaissance. Ngalesi sikhathi, ithusi lalisetshenziselwa ukwakha izithombe eziqoshiwe zenkolo nezezwe. Ngekhulu le-19, izithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi zaba nemvuselelo, njengoba abaculi abafana no-Auguste Rodin no-Edgar Degas baqala ukuhlola amasu nezitayela ezintsha.

Namuhla, ukubaza kwethusi kuseyindlela ethandwayo yabaculi. Isetshenziselwa ukwakha kokubili izikhumbuzo zomphakathi ezinkulu kanye nemisebenzi yobuciko emincane yabaqoqi abazimele. Isithombe se-bronze siyindlela yobuciko eguquguqukayo futhi ehlala njalo eye yajatshulelwa abantu amakhulu eminyaka.

Izibonelo Zezithombe Zethusi emlandweni zihlanganisa:

• UDAVIDE (DONATELLO)

(Bronze David, Donatello)

UDavid ungumfanekiso wethusi owenziwa ngumqophi wase-Italy uDonatello. Yadalwa phakathi kuka-1440 no-1460 futhi ibhekwa njengenye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yezithombe eziqoshiwe zeRenaissance. Lesi sithombe okwamanje sikhonjiswa e-Accademia Gallery eFlorence, e-Italy.

UDavid ungumfanekiso oqoshiwe weqhawe laseBhayibhelini uDavid, owahlula umdondoshiya uGoliyathi ngesihlilingi. Lesi sithombe senziwa ngethusi futhi sicishe sibe ngamamitha angu-1.70 ubude. UDavide uvezwa eyinsizwa, enomzimba onemisipha futhi ebonisa ukuzethemba. Unqunu ngaphandle kwesigqoko sokuzivikela namabhuzu. Lesi sithombe siphawuleka ngomfanekiso waso ongokoqobo womzimba womuntu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwaso kwe-contrapposto, ukuma lapho isisindo somzimba sishintshelwa okhalweni olulodwa, okudala umuzwa wokunyakaza namandla.

UDavid ekuqaleni wayethunywe umndeni wakwaMedici, owawubusa uFlorence ngaleso sikhathi. Lesi sithombe ekuqaleni sasibekwe egcekeni lePalazzo Vecchio, kodwa sathuthelwa e-Accademia Gallery ngo-1873 ukuze sivikeleke ezintweni.

UDavid ubhekwa njengenye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yezithombe eziqoshiwe zeRenaissance. Kuwumsebenzi wobuciko wobungcweti bamaqiniso namasu, futhi kuwuphawu olunamandla lwesibindi, amandla, kanye nokunqoba.

UDavid uyatholakalaisifanekiso sethusi esithengiswayoeklanywe abaqophi abaningi abahlonishwayo nabakhiqizi namuhla. Okungcono kakhulu kuboI-Artisan Studio, Xhumana nabo uma unentshisekelo kumfanekiso walesi sithombe esidumile

UDavid uyisithombe esihle nesiyisakhiwo sodumo. Uma ufuna aisithombe esikhulu sethusilokho kuzokwengeza ukuthinta kobuhle ekhaya lakho noma ehhovisi, khona-ke isithombe sikaDavide siyindlela enhle kakhulu.

• UMCABANGA

(Umcabango)

Umcabango nguisithombe esikhulu sethusingu-Auguste Rodin, ngokuvamile obekwe phezu kwesisekelo samatshe. Lo msebenzi ubonisa owesilisa onqunu olingana nobuqhawe ehlezi etsheni. Ubonakala encike, indololwane yakhe yesokudla ibekwe ethangeni lesobunxele, ebambe isisindo sesilevu ngemuva kwesandla sokudla. Ukuma kungenye yemicabango ejulile nokuzindla, futhi isithombe sivame ukusetshenziswa njengesithombe ukumela ifilosofi. URodin wakhulelwa lesi sibalo njengengxenye yomsebenzi wakhe othi The Gates of Hell owagunyazwa ngo-1880, kodwa owokuqala wokulingisa ithusi oyisikhumbuzo wenziwa ngo-1904 futhi manje ukhonjiswa eMusée Rodin, eParis.

Imodeli yalesi sithombe esiqoshiwe, njengeminye imisebenzi kaRodin, kwakungumpetha wamaFulentshi onezihlunu nomdlali we-wrestler uJean Baud, owayebonakala kakhulu esifundeni esikhanyayo esibomvu. UJean Baud uphinde wavela ku-1911 Swiss 50 franc inothi nguHodler. Owokuqala useMusée Rodin eParis. Lo mfanekiso unobude obungamasentimitha angama-72, wenziwe ngethusi, futhi wawusufakwe kahle futhi wapholishwa. Lo msebenzi ubonisa owesilisa onqunu olingana nobuqhawe oqinile, onemisipha, futhi ongene ngaphakathi, ecabanga ngezenzo nesiphetho sabantu ngenkathi ehlezi etsheni.

I-Thinkir ingenye yezithombe eziqoshiwe ezidume kakhulu emhlabeni. Ikhiqizwe kabusha ngezindlela eziningi, kusukela emifanekisweni emincane kuya emisebenzini yomphakathi emikhulu. Futhi ingesinye sezithombe zeBronze ezibazwe kakhulu ezithengiswayo. Isifanekiso siwuphawu olunamandla lokucabanga, ukuzindla, nokudala. Kuyisikhumbuzo sokuthi sonke siyakwazi ukwenza izinto ezinkulu uma nje sizinika isikhathi sokucabanga.

I-Thinkir iyisinqumo esithandwayo se-isithombe esikhulu sethusiezobuciko bomphakathi. Ifakwe emapaki, izingadi, nakwezinye izindawo zomphakathi emhlabeni wonke. Lesi sithombe siyisikhumbuzo sokuthi sonke siyakwazi ukwenza izinto ezinhle uma nje sizinika isikhathi sokucabanga.

• INKUNZI ESHAJAYO

Inkunzi Eshajayo, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Bowling Green Bull noma i-Wall Street Bull, isithombe sethusi sika-Arturo Di Modica. Yakhiwa ngo-1989 futhi itholakala e-Bowling Green, Manhattan, eNew York City.

(Inkunzi Eshajayo)

Umfanekiso oqoshiwe uwuphawu lwethemba lezezimali nokuchuma. Ibonisa inkunzi, uphawu lwemakethe yamasheya, ishaja iye phambili. Inkunzi icishe ibe ngamamitha angu-3.4 ubude futhi inesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-7 100 (3,200 kg). Yenziwe ngethusi futhi iphonswa ngendlela ye-wax elahlekile.

I-Charging Bull yabekwa phambi kweNew York Stock Exchange ngo-December 15, 1989, njengesipho esimangalisayo edolobheni. Kamuva yayiswa e-Bowling Green, lapho isahlala khona kusukela lapho. Lo mfanekiso usuyindawo ethandwa izivakashi futhi uvame ukusetshenziswa njengendawo yangemuva yezithombe.

Inkunzi Eshajayo iwuphawu olunamandla lwamandla ezezimali nokuqina. Kuyisikhumbuzo sokuthi naphezu kobunzima, umnotho waseMelika uyohlale ukhona.

Inkunzi Eshajayo ike yaba nengxabano enkulu. Abanye abantu bawugxekile lo mfanekiso ngokuthi ukhuluma ngobulili futhi ugqugquzela udlame. Abanye baye baphikisa ngokuthi lo mfanekiso uwuphawu lokuhaha nokweqisa. Kodwa-ke, i-Charging Bull isewuphawu oludumile lweDolobha laseNew York kanye nomnotho waseMelika.

Kulabo abakhangwe uphawu nokuheha kwe-Bull Eshajayo, ukuba nesifanekiso sethusi salo msebenzi wobuciko oyisithombe kuyithuba elihle kakhulu.I-Artisan Studioizipesheliizithombe zethusi ezithengiswayo, okuvumela abashisekayo ukuthi balethe ukuthinta kwamandla nobungqabavu be-Wall Street ezindaweni zabo.

Ukutshala imali esifanekisweni sethusi seNkunzi Eshajayo kuvumela abantu ukuthi bamukele amandla angokomfanekiso nokuzimisela okumelelayo kuyilapho bengeza ukuthinta kobuciko bobuhle obumangalisayo endaweni yabo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uboniswa ekhaya, ehhovisi, noma endaweni yomphakathi, lesi sithombe esiqoshiwe sethusi siba isizinda esikhangayo, esikhuthaza impumelelo nokuqina kubo bonke abasibonayo.

• I-MANNEKEN PIS

(Manneken Pis)

I-Manneken Pis iyingqophamlando engu-55.5 cm (21.9 in) isithombe somthombo wethusi enkabeni yeBrussels, eBelgium, esibonisa i-puer mingens; umfana omncane enqunu echamela emthonjeni womthombo. Nakuba ukuba khona kwayo kufakazelwa kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-15, yaklanywa kabusha umqophi wama-Brabantine u-Jérôme Duquesnoy Omdala futhi yafakwa ngo-1618 noma ngo-1619. Indawo yayo yamatshe ngesitayela se-rocaille yaqala ngo-1770

I-Manneken Pis iye yebiwa ngokuphindaphindiwe noma yonakaliswa kuwo wonke umlando wayo. Yaqala ukwebiwa ngo-1619, ngemva kweminyaka emibili nje ifakiwe. Yatholwa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, futhi kusukela lapho isiphinde yebiwa izikhathi ezingu-13. Ngo-1965, lesi sithombe sathunjwa iqembu labafundi ababefuna isihlengo se-1 million francs yaseBelgium. Lesi sichuse sabuyiswa singenamyocu ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva.

I-Manneken Pis iyindawo eheha izivakashi futhi ibonakale kumafilimu amaningi nezinhlelo zethelevishini. Kuphinde kube yisikhumbuzo esidumile, futhi kunezifaniso eziningi zaleisifanekiso sethusi esithengiswayo.

I-Manneken Pis iwuphawu lweBrussels neBelgium. Kuyisikhumbuzo somqondo wokuhlekisa wedolobha kanye nomlando walo wokumelana nezingqinamba.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uboniswa engadini, iplaza yomphakathi, noma iqoqo langasese, lesi sithombe esibaziwe sethusi siba indawo yokugxila ejabulisayo, esakaza ukuhleka futhi sengeza ukuthinta okujabulisayo kunoma isiphi isilungiselelo. I-Mannekis Pis iyatholakalaisifanekiso sethusi esithengiswayoeklanywe abaqophi nabakhiqizi abaningi abahlonishwayo. Okungcono kakhulu kuboI-Artisan Studio,Ingcwetiinedumela elihle kakhulu mayelana nekhwalithi nesitayela sokuxhumana somsebenzi phakathi kwayo yonke imboni yethusi

Ukutshala imali ku-aisithombe esikhulu sethusiyeManneken Pis ivumela umuntu ukuthi agubhe injabulo nokungahloniphi okuqukethwe. Yamukela umoya we-Manneken Pis kanye nesithombe sayo sethusi esihehayo, futhi ufake indawo ekuzungezile ngomnyombo ojabulisayo wamagugu amasiko aseBrussels.

• UMAMA

I-Maman iyisithombe esikhulu sethusi sikaLouise Bourgeois. Iyisicabucabu, amafidi angama-30 ubude namafidi angaphezu kuka-33 ububanzi. Kuhlanganisa nesaka eliqukethe amaqanda emabula angama-32 futhi isisu salo nethorax zenziwe ngethusi elinezimbambo.

(Maman, Ottawa)

Lesi sithombe esiqoshiwe sadalwa ngo-1999 futhi okwamanje sikhonjiswa eGuggenheim Museum eNew York City. Isihloko igama lesiFulentshi elijwayelekile elithi Umama (elifana nelikaMama). Lo mfanekiso wasungulwa ngo-1999 nguBourgeois njengengxenye yekhomishini yakhe yokuqala ye-Unilever Series (2000), ehholo iTurbine eTate Modern yaseLondon.

Lo mfanekiso uthatha indikimba ye-arachnid u-Bourgeois ayeqale ukuyicabanga emdwebeni omncane we-inki namalahle ngo-1947, eqhubeka nomfanekiso wakhe oqoshiwe we-Spider wango-1996. Kubhekiselwa emandleni kamama kaBourgeois, ngezingathekiso zokuphotha, ukuluka, ukukhuliswa kanye nokuvikela. Umama wakhe, uJosephine, wayengowesifazane owayelungisa amatheyiphu eshabhu kayise yokubuyisela izindwangu eParis. Lapho uBourgeois eneminyaka engamashumi amabili nanye, washonelwa unina ngenxa yokugula okungaziwa.

UMaman ukhonjiswe emadolobheni amakhulu emhlabeni jikelele, okuhlanganisa iTokyo, Seoul, Hong Kong, neSydney. Inconywe abagxeki ngamandla nobuhle bayo. Lo mfanekiso ubuye wagxekwa ngobukhulu bawo kanye nokuveza isithombe sowesifazane njengesicabucabu.

Naphezu kokugxekwa, uMaman usengumfanekiso odumile noyisakhiwo sodumo. Kuyisikhumbuzo esinamandla samandla nokuqina kwabesifazane.

Izithombe ezinkulu zethusi zika-Maman ziyatholakala ukuze zithengiswe kubathengisi abambalwa abaku-inthanethi. Okungcono kakhulu kuboI-Artisan Studio, Xhumana nabo uma unentshisekelo kumfanekiso walesi sithombe esidumile

• INDODA YETHUSI KANYE NO-CENTAUR

(Bronze Man and Centaur, Metropolitan Museum of Arts)

I-Bronze Man kanye ne-Centaur iyisithombe se-bronze sekhulu lesi-8 BC, esakhiwe eGreece maphakathi nekhulu lesi-8 BC, ngesikhathi se-Archaic Greece. Manje isiseqoqweni leMetropolitan Museum of Art. Lesi sithombe esiqoshiwe sasiyisipho sika-J. Pierpont Morgan ngemva kokufa kwakhe esinikezwe i-Metropolitan Museum ngo-1917.

Umfanekiso oqoshiwe mncane, 4 3/8 amayintshi (11.1 cm) ubude, umfanekiso wendoda nekhulu empini. Indoda iphethe umkhonto, kanti i-centaur iphethe inkemba. Indoda yinde kancane kune-centaur, futhi ibonakala sengathi ishaya i-centaur.

Lo mfanekiso wenziwe ngethusi, futhi uphonswa ngendlela ye-wax elahlekile. Lo mfanekiso usesimweni esihle, kodwa ubonisa izimpawu zokuguga. Umkhonto wendoda awukho, futhi inkemba ye-centaur ilimele.

I-Bronze Man kanye ne-Centaur iyisibonelo esiyivelakancane nesibalulekile sezithombe eziqoshiwe zamaGreki zakuqala. Ingenye yezithombe ezimbalwa ezisekhona zenkathi yama-Archaic, futhi inikeza amazwibela ekuthuthukisweni kokuqala kobuciko bamaGreki.

Lo mfanekiso nawo ubalulekile ngoba uveza indoda nekhulu ekulweni. Ama-centaur kwakuyizidalwa zasenganekwaneni ezaziyisigamu-ndoda nengxenye yehhashi. Ayevame ukuvezwa njengezidalwa ezinodlame nezinonya, futhi ayevame ukusetshenziswa njengophawu lwesiphithiphithi nesiyaluyalu.

Umfanekiso wendoda nekhulu empini usikisela ukuthi amaGreki ayebona ama-centaur njengosongo empucukweni yawo. AmaGreki ayengabantu abaphucuzeke kakhulu, futhi ekwazisa ukuhleleka nokuzwana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-centaurs ayebhekwa njengamandla esiphithiphithi kanye nesiyaluyalu.

I-Bronze Man ne-Centaur iyisikhumbuzo esinamandla sokungqubuzana phakathi kokuhleleka neziyaluyalu, impucuko nobuqaba. Kuyisikhumbuzo sokuthi ngisho nasemiphakathini ephucuzeke kakhulu, kuhlale kukhona udlame nesiyaluyalu.

Isiphetho

Sengiphetha, umlando wezithombe zethusi uwubufakazi bemvelo ehlala njalo yalolu hlobo lobuciko. Kusukela emsuka wawo empucukweni yasendulo kuya ekudumeni kwawo okuqhubekayo namuhla, umfanekiso wethusi uhehe futhi wakhuthaza izizukulwane. Ubuhle, amandla, kanye nokuguquguquka kwethusi njengento esetshenziswayo kuye kwavumela amaciko kuwo wonke umlando ukuthi enze imisebenzi emihle ehambisana nesikhathi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imisebenzi yobuciko yakudala yaseGreece yasendulo noma ukuhunyushwa kwesimanje kwamaciko anamuhla, ukubaza kwethusi kuyaqhubeka nokubazwa ngekhono laso lokudlulisa imizwelo, ukuthwebula izikhathi emlandweni, nokushiya umbono ohlala njalo kulabo abajabulela ubuciko bawo.