Phenya Imisebenzi Yabaculi Bamanje Abacindezela Imingcele Yezithombe Zethusi Ngamaqhinga Nemiqondo Emisha.

Isingeniso

Isithombe esiqoshiwe sethusi, esinokubaluleka komlando nokukhanga okuhlala njalo, simi njengobufakazi bempumelelo yomuntu yobuciko kuyo yonke iminyaka. Ukusukela emuva empucukweni yasendulo, ithusi laziswa ngenxa yokuqina kwalo, ukuguquguquka, kanye nezimfanelo zobuhle, okulenza libe yindawo ekahle yokwakha ubuciko obunezinhlangothi ezintathu.

Ubuciko bezithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi bavela eMesophothamiya, eGibhithe naseGrisi yasendulo, lapho kwachuma khona njengendlela yonkulunkulu, ababusi namaqhawe angafi. Izingcweti ezinekhono zaklama ngobunyoninco izithombe zethusi, zithwebula ingqikithi yezihloko zazo ngobuqiniso obumangalisayo nemininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi. Le mifanekiso eqoshiwe yasebenza njengokubonakaliswa kwamandla, ukuzinikela enkolweni, nobuntu obungokwesiko, ishiya uphawu olungenakucimeka emlandweni wesintu.

(Imizwa kuBronze | Coderch & Malavia)

Njengoba amakhulu eminyaka adlula, izithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi zaqhubeka zivela futhi zijwayela ukunyakaza nezitayela ezintsha zobuciko. Ngesikhathi seRenaissance, abaculi abafana no-Donatello no-Michelangelo bavuselele amasu akudala okusakaza ngethusi, aphakamisa okuphakathi nendawo kuya kokusha kokuphumelela kobuchwepheshe nobuciko. Izikhathi ze-Baroque ne-Neoclassical ziqhubekisele phambili ukuthandwa kwesithombe esibaziwe sethusi, nabaqophi abangochwepheshe abafana no-Gian Lorenzo Bernini kanye no-Antonio Canova bephusha imingcele yenkulumo nomuzwa.

Abaculi besimanje bamukele izithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi njengendlela ehlanganisa isiko nokusungula izinto ezintsha. Bahlola amafomu amasha, bahlole imiqondo engabonakali, futhi baphonsele inselelo imingcele yalokho okungenzeka. Ngobuhlakani babo nekhono, laba baqophi bayaqhubeka bephefumula ukuphila kube ithusi, begxilisa imisebenzi yabo ngokujula, ukuthungwa, nokulandisa.

Ukukhanga okuhlala njalo kwesithombe esibaziwe sethusi kusekhonweni laso lokuthwebula umcabango nokuvusa imizwa eyahlukahlukene. Ubukhona bayo obubambekayo nezimfanelo ezithintekayo zibandakanya ababukeli, zibamema ukuthi bacabange ngesimo somuntu, bahlole imiqondo engabonakali, noma bacabange ngobunkimbinkimbi bokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuveza okwangempela noma okufinyeziweyo, izithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi zinokuheha okungenakuphikwa okweqa isikhathi futhi kuhehe izethameli ezizukulwaneni eziningi.

(Amanzi Ajulile | Philip WakeMan)

Namuhla, abaqophi bezithombe zethusi besimanje bayaqhubeka nokubumba indawo yobuciko ngobungcweti befomu, ukuhlola kwabo izinto zokwakha, kanye nemibono yabo eyingqayizivele. Indalo yabo isimema ukuthi sixhumane nokwedlule, sicabange okwamanje, futhi sicabange ngekusasa, siqinisekise ukuthi izithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi zihlala ziyindlela yobuciko ehlonishwayo nehlonishwayo emhlabeni wethu wanamuhla.

Amathrendi wesimanje nezindlela ezibaziwe zethusi

Isithombe se-contemporary bronze sihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zamathrendi nezindlela, lapho abaculi behlanganisa ngobuchule izindlela zendabuko nezintsha ukuze benze imisebenzi ekhangayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa okudala nokusha kuphefumulela impilo entsha ngendlela yobuciko, kukhanga abaqoqi kanye nabathandi bobuciko ngokufanayo. Kusukaizithombe ezinkulu zethusikuya ezingxenyeni ezincane ezitholakalayo ezithengiswayo, lezi zibazi zikhombisa ukuvela nokuguquguquka kwethusi njengento esetshenziswayo.

Emfanekisweni wethusi wesimanje, abadwebi bavamise ukuhlola amatimu angabonakali nangokwengqondo, bephusha imingcele yefomu nenkulumo. Bazama ngezimo ezingajwayelekile, ukuqanjwa okuguquguqukayo, namasu okulingwa okuhlola, abekela inselele imibono yendabuko yezithombe eziqoshiwe. Lezi zinto ezintsha ziholela emisebenzini yobuciko emangazayo neshukumisa ingqondo eheha ababukeli.

Ngenkathi samukela ukuqamba okusha, amaciko amaningi aphinde athole ugqozi kumasu akudala nezinkomba zomlando. Bahlonipha amasiko acebile ezithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi, ezihlanganisa ubuciko obucolisisiwe kanye nokunaka ngokucophelela imininingwane. Lokhu kuhlangana kwakudala nokusha kudala ingxoxo phakathi kwesikhathi esedlule nesamanje, okuvumela izithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi ukuthi zixhumane nomlando wobuciko kuyilapho zinikeza umbono omusha.

Ukwengeza, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe ibe nomthelela ekuqoshweni kwezithombe zethusi zanamuhla. Amaciko asebenzisa amathuluzi edijithali afana nokuskena kwe-3D nokuphrinta ukuze enze ama-prototypes ayinkimbinkimbi, awenze akwazi ukuhlola amafomu ayinkimbinkimbi kanye nemininingwane enembile. Lezi zinqubo zedijithali zithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokunemba ekwakhiweni kwezithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi, kwenze kube lula ukufezeka kwemiklamo efisa ukuvelela neyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukutholakala kweizithombe ezinkulu zethusifuthiizithombe zethusi ezithengiswayoibonisa imakethe ehlukahlukene yezithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi. Abaqoqi nabathanda ubuciko bangahlola izitayela eziningi, amatimu, nosayizi, okubenza bafinyeleleke kubabukeli ababanzi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iboniswa ezindaweni zomphakathi, amaqoqo ayimfihlo, noma amagalari, izithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi ziqhubeka nokuheha futhi zikhuthaze ababukeli, zibonisa ubuciko bamaciko azulazula ngobuciko ezimpambanweni zesiko nokuqamba izinto ezintsha.

Abadwebi Bezithombe Zethusi Abadumile

• ANISH KAPOOR

U-Anish Kapoor ungumqophi wama-British-Indian osebenza ngokuyinhloko ngethusi. Imifanekiso yakhe eqoshiwe ivamise ukuba mikhulu futhi ingabonakali, futhi ivame ukuhlola izindikimba zesikhala, ukukhanya, nokubonakalisa. U-Kapoor ungomunye wabaqophi bezithombe abaziwa kakhulu nabahlonishwayo abasebenza namuhla.

Eminye yezithombe eziqoshiwe zikaKapoor ezidume kakhulu ngethusi zihlanganisa “Okungenasihloko (1989)”, “Cloud Gate (2006)”, kanye “noLeviathan (2011)”. Le mifanekiso yonke ibonakala ngobukhulu bayo obukhulu, indawo yayo ebushelelezi, ekhanyayo, kanye nekhono layo lokudala i-optical illusions.

Umsebenzi ka-Kapoor ukhonjiswe kumamyuziyamu amakhulu namagalari emhlabeni jikelele, futhi usezuze imiklomelo eminingi, okuhlanganisa ne-Turner Prize ngo-1991. Uyiciko eliyingqayizivele ngempela futhi langempela, futhi umsebenzi wakhe uyaqhubeka nokubekela inselele futhi ukhuthaze ababukeli.

(Anish Kapoor's Untitled)

• U-TONY CRAGG

UTony Cragg ungumqophi waseBrithani osebenza kakhulu ngethusi. Imifanekiso yakhe eqoshiwe ivame ukungabonakali kanye ne-geometric, futhi ihlola izihloko zemvelo, umzimba, kanye nemvelo. UCragg ungomunye wabaqophi bezithombe ababaluleke kakhulu abasebenza namuhla, futhi umsebenzi wakhe ukhonjiswa kumamnyuziyamu namagalari emhlabeni jikelele.

Ezinye zezithombe zakhe ezidumile zihlanganisa "Izinhloko zeTerracotta" (1983), "Torso" (1986), kanye "noTerris Novalis" (1992). Umsebenzi kaCragg ubonakala ngokusebenzisa kwawo izinto ezitholakele, imibala yawo egqamile, nokuzwakala kwawo okudlalayo nokuhlekisayo. Uyingcweti ekuguquleni izinto zansuku zonke zibe imisebenzi yobuciko ekhangayo futhi evuselela ingqondo.

(Over the Earth, Courtesy Lisson Gallery)

• UHENRY MOORE

(Maquette: Spindle Piece)

UHenry Moore wayengumqophi waseBrithani owaziwa kakhulu ngemifanekiso yakhe eqoshiwe yethusi eyisikhumbuzo. Imisebenzi yakhe ngokuvamile iwukufinyezwa komuntu, okuvame ukuveza izibalo zikamama nengane noma abantu abahlezi behlezi. Izithombe eziqoshiwe zikaMoore zethusi zibonakala ngamafomu azo aphilayo, izikhala ezingenalutho, nezindawo ezibushelelezi. Wayengomunye wabaqophi bezithombe abanethonya elikhulu ekhulwini lama-20, futhi umsebenzi wakhe usagujwa nanamuhla.

• KIKI SMITH

U-Kiki Smith, umdwebi wesimanje odumile, wenze igalelo elibalulekile ekuqoshweni kwethusi. Eyaziwa ngokuhlola umzimba womuntu kanye nezimpawu zawo, izithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi zikaSmith zivame ukubonisa abantu ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene zokuguquka noma ukuba sengozini. Imisebenzi yakhe ihlanganisa umuzwa wokuba ntekenteke, imizwa, nokuxhumana okujulile nemvelo nengokomoya. Ngokunaka kwakhe ngokucophelela imininingwane kanye nekhono lokufaka izithombe zakhe ngezindaba ezijulile, u-Kiki Smith uye wazibonakalisa njengomqophi wezithombe zethusi omangalisayo, oheha izethameli ngendalo yakhe eshukumisa ingqondo nevusa inkanuko.

(Uboshelwe imvelo yakhe)

• ARTIS LANE

U-Artis Lane ungumqophi wezithombe zethusi owaziwayo owaziwa ngemisebenzi yakhe enamandla nethinta imizwa. Ngomsebenzi othathe amashumi eminyaka ambalwa, u-Lane uthole ukuqashelwa ngekhono lakhe lokuthwebula ingqikithi yezifundo zakhe ngethusi.

Imifanekiso yakhe eqoshiwe inomuzwa omangalisayo wokuba ngokoqobo nokujula, iheha ababukeli abasezingeni lomzwelo. Ubuchule buka-Lane besimo nokunaka imininingwane kumvumela ukuthi aphefumulele indalo yakhe, evusa umuzwa wokuxhumana kanye nokuzihlola. Amagalelo akhe emkhakheni wezithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi aqinise indawo yakhe njengeciko elidumile nelinomthelela emhlabeni wezobuciko.

(Bust of Sojourner Truth)