Isingeniso

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka izithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi zikhona, futhi zisaqhubeka nokuba eminye yemisebenzi yobuciko ehlaba umxhwele futhi eyesabekayo emhlabeni. Kusukela ezifanekisweni eziphakeme zaseGibhithe lasendulo kuya emifanekisweni ethambile yaseGrisi lasendulo, izithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi zine-cayathuthukisa umcabango womuntu iminyaka eyinkulungwane.

Kodwa yini ngethusi eyenza ibe yindawo ekahle ye-sculpture? Kungani izithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi ziye zahlala isikhathi eside, kuyilapho ezinye izinto ziwile eceleni kwendlela?

(Bheka: Izithombe Zethusi)

Kulesi sihloko, sizobhekisisa umlando wezithombe zethusi, futhi sihlole izizathu zokuthi kungani kube yinto edume kangaka kumaciko kuyo yonke iminyaka. Sizophinde sibheke eminye yezithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi ezidume kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi sixoxe ngokuthi ungazithola kuphi namuhla.

Ngakho-ke noma ungumuntu othanda ubuciko bakudala noma ufuna ukwazi ngomlando wezithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi, qhubeka ufunda ukuze uthole ukubukeka okuthakazelisayo kwaleli fomu lobuciko elingaphelelwa isikhathi.

futhi uma ufunaizithombe zethusi ezithengiswayongokwakho, sizokunikeza namathiphu okuthi ungawathola kuphi amadili angcono kakhulu.

Ngakho usalindeni? Ake siqale!

GREECE yasendulo

Izithombe zethusi zazingenye yezindlela zobuciko ezibaluleke kakhulu eGrisi lasendulo. Ithusi laliyinto eyigugu kakhulu, futhi lalisetshenziselwa ukwakha izithombe eziqoshiwe ezihlukahlukene, kusukela emifanekisweni emincane kuya emifanekisweni emikhulu. Abaqophi bezithombe zethusi abangamaGreki babeyingcweti emsebenzini wabo futhi bathuthukisa izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi neziyinkimbinkimbi zokuqopha ithusi.

Izithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi zamaGreki zokuqala ezaziwayo zisukela enkathini yeJiyomethri (c. 900-700 BCE). Lezi zithombe eziqoshiwe zakuqala zazivame ukuba zincane futhi zilula, kodwa zazibonisa ikhono elimangalisayo nobuciko. Ngenkathi yama-Archaic (c. 700-480 BCE), izithombe eziqoshiwe zamaGreki zethusi zase zifinyelele izinga elisha lokuyinkimbinkimbi.Izithombe Ezinkulu Zethusizazivamile, futhi abaqophi bezithombe bakwazi ukuthwebula imizwelo nezinkulumo eziningi ezihlukahlukene.

Eminye yezithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi zamaGreki ezidume kakhulu zihlanganisa:

• I-RIACE YETHUSI (C. 460 BCE)

• I-ARTEMISION BRONZE (C. 460 BCE)

Indlela yokubunjwa eyayivame kakhulu eyayisetshenziswa abaqophi bamaGreki kwakuyindlela yokuphonsa ngengcina elahlekile. Le ndlela yayihilela ukudala imodeli ye-wax yomfanekiso, owabe uhlanganiswe nobumba. Ubumba lwalufudumala, olwaluncibilikisa ingcina futhi lushiye isikhala esingenalutho esimweni somfanekiso oqoshiwe. Khona-ke ithusi elincibilikisiwe lalithelwa emkhathini, futhi ubumba lwalukhishwa ukuze kwembuleke umfanekiso oqoshiwe osuphelile.

Izithombe eziqoshiwe zamaGreki zazivame ukuba nezincazelo ezingokomfanekiso. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Doryphoros yayiwumfanekiso wesimo sowesilisa esifanele, futhi Ukunqoba Okunamaphiko kwaseSamothrace kwakuwuphawu lokunqoba. isiGrekiizithombe zethusi ezinkuluzazivame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhumbula izenzakalo ezibalulekile noma abantu.

I-EGYPT Yasendulo

Izithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi beziyingxenye yesiko laseGibhithe amakhulu eminyaka, kusukela kuNkathi Yokuqala Yamandla (c. 3100-2686 BCE). Lezi zithombe zazivame ukusetshenziselwa izinjongo zezenkolo noma zomngcwabo, futhi zazivame ukwenziwa ukuze zibonise abantu ababalulekile emlandweni waseGibhithe noma izinganekwane.

Ezinye zezithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi zaseGibhithe ezidume kakhulu zihlanganisa

• UMFANEKISO WETHUSI WE-HORUS FALCON

• UMFANEKISO WETHUSI WE-ISIS ENEHORUS

Izithombe zethusi zenziwa e-Egypt kusetshenziswa indlela yokuphonsa i-wax elahlekile. Le nqubo ihilela ukudala imodeli yomdwebo ngaphandle kwe-wax, bese uhlanganisa imodeli ngobumba. Khona-ke isikhunta sobumba siyashisisa, esincibilikisa ingcina bese kushiya isikhala esingenalutho. Khona-ke ithusi elincibilikisiwe lithelwa endaweni engenalutho, futhi isikhunta siyahlukaniswa ukuze kubonakale isithombe esiqoshiwe esiphelile.

Izithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi zazivame ukuhlotshiswa ngezimpawu ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise ne-ankh (uphawu lokuphila), i- was (uphawu lwamandla), ne-djed (uphawu lokuzinza). Lezi zimpawu kwakukholelwa ukuthi zinamandla omlingo, futhi zazivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuvikela izithombe eziqoshiwe kanye nabantu abangabanikazi bazo.

Izithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi zisaqhubeka nokuduma namuhla, futhi zingatholakala kumamnyuziyamu nasemaqoqweni ayimfihlo emhlabeni wonke. Ziwubufakazi bekhono nobungcweti babaqophi bezithombe baseGibhithe lasendulo, futhi bayaqhubeka nokukhuthaza abadwebi nabaqoqi namuhla.

I-China yasendulo

Isithombe esiqoshiwe sethusi sinomlando omude futhi ocebile eShayina, kusukela ebukhosini bakwaShang (1600-1046 BCE). I-bronze yayiyinto ebaluleke kakhulu eShayina, futhi yayisetshenziselwa ukwakha izinto ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nemikhumbi yemikhosi, izikhali, nezithombe eziqoshiwe.

Eminye yezithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi zaseShayina ezidume kakhulu zihlanganisa:

• I-DING

I-Ding iwuhlobo lomkhumbi we-tripod owawusetshenziselwa izinjongo zesiko. Ama-Dings ayevame ukuhlotshiswa ngemiklamo eyinkimbinkimbi, kuhlanganise ne-zoomorphic motifs, amaphethini wejometri, nemibhalo eqoshiwe.

(Indlu yendali yoSuthu)

• IZUN

I-Zun iwuhlobo lwesitsha sewayini esasisetshenziselwa umkhuba. AmaZun ayevame ukuhlotshiswa ngezithombe zezilwane, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ayesetshenziswa njengemikhumbi yokuphuzwa.

(Isitsha sewayini (zun) |I-Metropolitan Museum of Art)

• I-BI

I-Bi wuhlobo lwediski olwalusetshenziselwa izinjongo zemikhosi. Ama-Bis ayevame ukuhlotshiswa ngemiklamo engabonakali, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ayesetshenziswa njengezibuko.

(Etsy)

Izithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi zaphonswa kusetshenziswa amasu ahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nendlela elahlekile ye-wax. Indlela elahlekile ye-wax iyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa ukudala imodeli ye-wax yomdwebo, ukufaka imodeli ngobumba, bese incibilikisa i-wax ebumba. Khona-ke ithusi elincibilikisiwe lithelwa esibunjweni sobumba, futhi umfanekiso wembulwa lapho isikhunta sesiphukile sivuleka.

Izithombe zethusi zazivame ukuhlotshiswa ngezithombe ezingokomfanekiso. Ngokwesibonelo, udrako wawuwuphawu lwamandla namandla, futhi i-phoenix yayiwuphawu lokuphila isikhathi eside nokuzalwa kabusha. Lezi zimpawu zazivame ukusetshenziselwa ukudlulisa izigijimi zenkolo noma zezombangazwe.

Izithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi zisaqhubeka nokuduma namuhla, futhi zingatholakala kumamnyuziyamu nasemaqoqweni ayimfihlo emhlabeni wonke. Ziwubufakazi bamakhono obuciko kanye nobuchwepheshe bezingcweti zasendulo zaseShayina, futhi ziyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza abaculi nabaqoqi namuhla.

I-India yasendulo

Izithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi beziyingxenye yobuciko baseNdiya amakhulu eminyaka, kusukela e-Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1300 BCE). Lawa ma-bronzes asekuqaleni ayevame ukuba mancane futhi entekenteke, futhi ayevame ukubonisa izilwane noma abantu ngesitayela semvelo.

Njengoba isiko lamaNdiya lithuthuka, kanjalo nesitayela sezithombe zethusi sakhula. Ngesikhathi soMbuso wamaGupta (320-550 CE), izithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi zaba zinkulu futhi zaba yinkimbinkimbi, futhi zazivame ukuveza abantu bezenkolo noma izigcawu ezivela ezinganekwaneni.

Ezinye Izifanekiso ezivela eNdiya zihlanganisa:

• 'INTOMBAZANE EDANYO KA-MOHENJODARO'

• INATARAJA YETHUSI

• INKOSI KRISHNA IDANISA NGENYOKA YAKALIYA