Isingeniso

Izifanekiso ezinkulu zethusizenza imisebenzi yobuciko efuna ukunakwa. Zivamise ukuba nobukhulu bokuphila noma zibe zikhudlwana, futhi ubukhulu bazo abunakuphikwa. Lezi zithombe eziqoshiwe, ezenziwe ngengxube encibilikisiwe yethusi nethini, iBronze, zaziwa ngokuhlala isikhathi eside nobuhle bazo.

Imidwebo ye-bronze eyisikhumbuzo idalwe amakhulu eminyaka, futhi ingatholakala ezindaweni zomphakathi emhlabeni wonke. Zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhumbula imicimbi ebalulekile noma abantu, futhi zingasetshenziswa ukwengeza ubuhle ku-cityscape kalula.

Lapho ubona umfanekiso oqoshiwe wethusi, kunzima ukuba ungathuswa ubukhulu namandla awo. Lezi zithombe ziwubufakazi bomoya womuntu futhi zisikhuthaza ukuba siphuphe kakhulu.

Ukubaluleka Okungokomlando Kwezithombe Eziqoshiwe Eziyisikhumbuzo

Izithombe zesikhumbuzo zinokubaluleka okujulile komlando kuzo zonke izimpucuko ezihlukahlukene, ezisebenza njengokubonisa okubambekayo kwemibono yamasiko, yenkolo, nepolitiki. Kusukela empucukweni yasendulo njengeGibhithe, iMesophothamiya, neGrisi kuya eNkathini Yokuzalwa Kabusha nangale kwayo, izithombe eziqoshiwe eziyisikhumbuzo ziye zashiya uphawu olungenakucimeka emlandweni wesintu. Izithombe zesikhumbuzo zinokubaluleka okujulile komlando kuzo zonke izimpucuko ezihlukahlukene, ezisebenza njengokubonisa okubambekayo kwemibono yamasiko, yenkolo, nepolitiki. Kusukela empucukweni yasendulo njengeGibhithe, iMesophothamiya, neGrisi kuya eNkathini Yokuzalwa Kabusha nangale kwayo, izithombe eziqoshiwe eziyisikhumbuzo ziye zashiya uphawu olungenakucimeka emlandweni wesintu.

I-bronze, edume ngamandla ayo, ukuqina, nokuthambile, sekuyisikhathi eside ithandwa ekudaleni le misebenzi emikhulu. Izimfanelo zayo ezingokwemvelo zazivumela abaqophi bezithombe basendulo ukuba balolonge futhi balolonge izithombe ezinkulu ezahlala isikhathi eside. Inqubo yokulingisa yayihilela ubuciko obucophelelayo kanye nekhono lobuchwepheshe, okwaphumela ezithombeni eziyisikhumbuzo zethusi ezaba yizimpawu ezihlala njalo zamandla, ingokomoya, kanye nobuciko obuhle kakhulu.

Ukuhlotshaniswa kwe-bronze nesikhumbuzo kungabonwa emisebenzini yezithombe ezifana ne-Colossus of Rhodes, izithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi zababusi basendulo baseShayina, kanye noDavid kaMichelangelo. Le ndalo emangalisayo, evame ukudlula inani labantu, idlulisela amandla nobukhosi bemibuso, onkulunkulu abadumile, noma abantu ababalulekile abangafi.

Ukubaluleka okungokomlando kwezithombe eziqoshiwe zethusi akukhona nje kuphela ukuba khona kwazo ngokomzimba kodwa nasezindabeni ezixoxwayo namagugu ezimele. Zisebenza njengezinto zobuciko zamasiko, ezinikeza amazwibela ezinkolelweni, ezinhlelweni zobuhle, kanye nezifiso zempucuko edlule. Namuhla, le mifanekiso eqoshiwe eyisikhumbuzo ikhuthaza futhi ivuse ukucabanga, ivala igebe phakathi kwemiphakathi yasendulo neyanamuhla futhi isikhumbuza ngefa lethu elihlangene lobuciko.

Izifanekiso Zethusi Ezidumile

Ake sibheke ezinye zezithombe ze-Monumental Bronze eziye zaveza imibono emikhulu kunobukhulu bazo ezinhliziyweni nasezingqondweni zababukeli bazo;

• I-Colossus yaseRhodes
• Isifanekiso Senkululeko
• UBuddha Omkhulu waseKamakura
• Isifanekiso Sobunye
• Spring Temple Buddha

I-Colossus yaseRhodes (c. 280 BCE, Rhodes, Greece)

I-Colossus yaseRhodes yayiyi-Isifanekiso SeBronze Esikhulukankulunkulu welanga wamaGreki uHelios, owakhiwe edolobheni lasendulo lamaGreki iRhodes esiqhingini samaGreki esinegama elifanayo. Enye Yezimanga Eziyisikhombisa Zomhlaba Wasendulo, yakhiwa ukugubha impumelelo yokuzivikela kweRhodes City ekuhlaselweni kukaDemetrius Poliorcetes, owayeyivimbezele unyaka ngebutho elikhulu kanye nebutho lasolwandle.

I-Colossus yaseRhodes yayicishe ibe yizingalo ezingama-70, noma amamitha angu-33 (amafidi angu-108) ukuphakama - cishe ukuphakama kweSifanekiso Senkululeko sesimanje ukusuka ezinyaweni kuya kumqhele - okuyenza ibe isithombe eside kunazo zonke emhlabeni wasendulo. Yayakhiwe ngethusi nensimbi futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi yayinesisindo esingamathani angama-30,000.

IColossus yaseRhodes yaqedwa ngo-280 BC futhi yama iminyaka engaphezudlwana kwe-50 ngaphambi kokuba ibhujiswe ukuzamazama komhlaba ngo-226 BC. I-Colossus ewile yashiywa endaweni kwaze kwaba ngu-654 CE lapho amabutho ase-Arabia ehlasela i-Rhodes futhi ephula isithombe futhi ithusi lithengiswa ukuze lisahle.

(Ingoma Yomculi we-Colossus yaseRhodes)

I-Colossus yaseRhodes yayiyisithombe sethusi esiyisikhumbuzo ngempela. Wawumi phezu kwesisekelo esingunxantathu esasicishe sibe ngamamitha angu-15 (amafidi angu-49) ukuphakama, futhi isithombe ngokwaso sasisikhulu kangangokuthi imilenze yaso yayihlukaniswe ububanzi njengobubanzi bechweba. Kuthiwa iColossus yayiyinde kangangokuthi imikhumbi yayikwazi ukuhamba ngemilenze yayo.

Esinye isici esithakazelisayo seColossus yaseRhodes yindlela eyayakhiwe ngayo. Lesi sithombe sakhiwe ngezingcwecwe zethusi ezaziboshelwe ohlakeni lwensimbi. Lokhu kwavumela isifanekiso ukuba sikhanye kakhulu, naphezu kobukhulu baso obukhulu.

I-Colossus yaseRhodes yayingenye yezimangaliso ezidume kakhulu emhlabeni wasendulo. Kwakuwuphawu lwamandla nengcebo yaseRhodes, futhi kwakhuthaza abaculi nababhali amakhulu eminyaka. Ukucekelwa phansi kwesifanekiso kwaba ukulahlekelwa okukhulu, kodwa ifa laso lisaqhubeka. I-Colossus yaseRhodes isabhekwa njengenye yezinto ezinhle kakhulu zobunjiniyela emhlabeni wasendulo, futhi isewuphawu lobuhlakani bomuntu kanye nesifiso sokuvelela.

I-Statue of Liberty (1886, New York, USA)

(Isithombe senkululeko)

I-Statue of Liberty iyisithombe esibaziwe se-neoclassical esihle kakhulu e-Liberty Island e-New York Harbour eNew York City, e-United States. Isithombe sethusi, isipho esivela kubantu baseFrance kubantu base-United States, saklanywa umqophi wezithombe waseFrance uFrédéric Auguste Bartholdi futhi uhlaka lwaso lwensimbi lwakhiwa uGustave Eiffel. Lesi sithombe sanikezelwa ngo-Okthoba 28, 1886.

I-Statue of Liberty ingenye yezimpawu ezibonakala kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi iyindawo ethandwa izivakashi. Ingamafidi angu-151 (46 m) ubude ukusuka esisekelweni kuya phezulu kwethoshi, futhi inesisindo esingamaphawundi angama-450,000 (204,144 kg). Lesi sithombe senziwa ngamashidi ethusi agxotshwa ngesando abese ehlanganiswa. Ithusi liye lafakwa i-oxid ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze linikeze isifanekiso i-patina yaso eluhlaza ehlukile

I-Statue of Liberty inezici ezimbalwa ezithakazelisayo. Ithoshi aliphethe liwuphawu lokukhanyiselwa, futhi ekuqaleni lalikhanyiswa ilangabi legesi. Ithebhulethi ayiphethe esandleni sobunxele inosuku lweSimemezelo Senkululeko, ngoJulayi 4, 1776. Umqhele wesithombe unezipikili eziyisikhombisa, ezimele izilwandle eziyisikhombisa namazwekazi ayisikhombisa.

ISifanekiso Senkululeko siwuphawu olunamandla lwenkululeko nentando yeningi. Yamukele izigidi zabantu bokufika e-United States, futhi iyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza abantu emhlabeni wonke.

UBuddha Omkhulu waseKamakura (1252, Kamakura, Japan)

UBuddha Omkhulu waseKamakura (Kamakura Daibutsu)isithombe esikhulu sethusika-Amida Buddha, elisethempelini laseKotoku eKamakura, eJapan. Ingenye yezindawo ezidume kakhulu eJapan futhi iyiNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba ye-UNESCO.

(UBuddha Omkhulu waseKamakura)

Lesi sithombe singamamitha angu-13.35 ubude futhi sinesisindo esingamathani angu-93 (amathani angu-103). Yaphonswa ngo-1252, ngesikhathi seKamakura, futhi iyisithombe sesibili esikhulu kunazo zonke sikaBuddha e-Japan, ngemuva kwe-Great Buddha yaseNara.

Lesi sithombe singenalutho, futhi izivakashi zingakhuphukela ngaphakathi ukuze zibone ingaphakathi. Ingaphakathi lihlotshiswe ngemidwebo nezithombe zamaBuddha.

Esinye sezici ezithakazelisa kakhulu ze-Great Buddha yindlela eyasakazwa ngayo. Lesi sithombe saphonswa ucezu olulodwa, okwakunzima kakhulu ukufeza ngaleso sikhathi. Lo mfanekiso waphonswa kusetshenziswa indlela ye-wax elahlekile, okuwuhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi futhi oludla isikhathi.

I-Great Buddha yaseKamakura iyigugu lesizwe lase-Japan futhi iyindawo ethandwa izivakashi. Lesi sithombe siyisikhumbuzo somlando ocebile nesiko laseJapane futhi siwuphawu lokuthula nokuzola.
Nawa amanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana ne-Great Buddha yaseKamakura:

Lesi sithombe senziwa ngethusi elancibilikiswa emalini aseShayina. Ekuqaleni wawuhlala ehholo lethempeli, kodwa ihholo lacekelwa phansi yi-tsunami ngo-1498. Lesi sithombe sonakaliswa ukuzamazama komhlaba neziphepho phakathi neminyaka edlule, kodwa siye savuselelwa isikhathi ngasinye.

Uma uke waba seJapan, qiniseka ukuthi uvakashela i-Great Buddha yaseKamakura. Kungumbono owesabekayo ngempela futhi uyisikhumbuzo sobuhle nomlando waseJapane.

Isifanekiso Sobunye (2018, Gujarat, India)

ISifanekiso Sobunye siisithombe esikhulu sethusikamongameli waseNdiya kanye nesishoshovu senkululeko uVallabhbhai Patel (1875-1950), owayeyiphini likandunankulu wokuqala kanye nongqongqoshe wezangaphakathi waseNdiya ezimele futhi elandela uMahatma Gandhi. Lesi sithombe sitholakala eGujarat, eNdiya, emfuleni iNarmada ekoloni laseKevadiya, elibhekene nedamu iSardar Sarovar amakhilomitha ayi-100 (62 mi) eningizimu-mpumalanga yedolobha laseVadodara.

Yisithombe esiqoshiwe eside kunazo zonke emhlabeni, esinobude obungamamitha angu-182 (597 ft), futhi sinikezelwe endimeni kaPatel yokuhlanganisa izifunda ezingama-562 zaseNdiya zibe yiNyunyana eyodwa yaseNdiya.

(Statue of Unity)

Isithombe esikhulu sethusi sakhiwe imodeli yePublic Private Partnership, iningi lemali livela kuHulumeni waseGujarat. Ukwakhiwa kwalesi sithombe kwaqala ngo-2013 futhi kwaqedwa ngo-2018. Lesi sithombe savulwa mhla zingama-31 kuMfumfu wezi-2018, ngosuku lokugubha iminyaka engu-143 azalwa uPatel.

ISifanekiso Sobunye senziwe ngokumbozwa ngethusi phezu kohlaka lwensimbi futhi sinesisindo esingamathani angu-6,000. Iyisifanekiso eside kunazo zonke emhlabeni futhi yinde kuneSifanekiso Senkululeko ngokuphindwe kabili ubude baso.

Lesi sithombe sinezici eziningi ezithakazelisayo. Isibonelo, inegalari yokubuka phezulu kwekhanda, enikeza imibono ye-panoramic yendawo ezungezile. Lesi sithombe siphinde sibe nomnyuziyamu, esixoxa ngempilo kaPatel kanye nempumelelo yakhe.

I-Statue of Unity iyindawo ethandwa izivakashi futhi iheha izigidi zezivakashi unyaka ngamunye. Kuwuphawu lokuzigqaja ngobuzwe baseNdiya futhi kuyisikhumbuzo sendima kaPatel ekuhlanganiseni izwe.
Nawa amanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana neSifanekiso Sobunye:

Lo mfanekiso wakhiwe amathani angu-6 000 ethusi, okulingana nesisindo sezindlovu ezingu-500. Isisekelo saso singamamitha angu-57 (187 ft) ukujula, okujulile njengesakhiwo esinezitezi ezingu-20.
Igalari yokubuka isifanekiso ingamukela abantu abangafika kwabangu-200 ngesikhathi. Lesi sithombe sikhanyiswa ebusuku futhi singabonakala endaweni eqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-30 (19 mi).

ISifanekiso Sobunye siyisifanekiso esiyisikhumbuzo sangempela futhi siwubufakazi bombono nokuzimisela kwalabo abawakhayo. Kuwuphawu lokuzigqaja ngobuzwe baseNdiya futhi kuyisikhumbuzo sendima kaPatel ekuhlanganiseni izwe.

Isithombe sikaBuddha saseSpring Temple

I-Spring Temple Buddha ingu-aisithombe esikhulu sethusiyaseVairocana Buddha etholakala esifundazweni saseHenan eChina. Uyisifanekiso sesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni, silandela iSifanekiso Sobunye eNdiya. I-Spring Temple Buddha yenziwe ngethusi futhi ingamamitha angu-128 (amafidi angu-420) ubude, ingafaki isihlalo sobukhosi se-lotus ehlezi kuso. Ukuphakama okuphelele kwesifanekiso, okuhlanganisa nesihlalo sobukhosi, kungamamitha angu-208 (682 amafidi). Isifanekiso sinesisindo esingamathani ayi-1,100.

(Spring Temple Buddha)

I-Spring Temple Buddha yakhiwa phakathi kuka-1997 no-2008. Yakhiwa ihlelo lama-Chinese Chan Buddhist lika-Fo Guang Shan. Lesi sithombe sisendaweni yaseFodushan Scenic Area, okuyindawo ethandwa izivakashi eChina.

I-Spring Temple Buddha iwuphawu olubalulekile lwamasiko nenkolo eShayina. Kuyindawo edumile yokuhambela amaBuddha avela emhlabeni wonke. Lesi sithombe sibuye sihehe izivakashi, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi bangaphezu kwezigidi eziyishumi abantu abavakashela lesi sithombe unyaka ngamunye.

Ngaphezu kobukhulu bayo nesisindo, i-Spring Temple Buddha nayo iphawuleka ngemininingwane yayo eyinkimbinkimbi. Ubuso balesi sithombe buzolile futhi bunokuthula, nezingubo zaso zihlotshiswe kahle. Amehlo alesi sithombe enziwe ngekristalu, futhi kuthiwa abonisa ukukhanya kwelanga nenyanga.

I-Spring Temple Buddha iwumfanekiso oqoshiwe wethusi owubufakazi bekhono nobuciko babantu baseShayina. Kuwuphawu lokuthula, ithemba, kanye nokukhanyiseleka, futhi kufanele kubonwe kunoma ubani ovakashela eShayina.